If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. [118] Alexander was impressed by Porus' bravery, and made him an ally. One common link in this bloodline is Philip of Macedonia (382-336BC),who married Olympias, and their son was Alexander the Great (356-323BC), a tyrant who plundered that key region of Greece, Persia, Syria, Phoenicia, Egypt, Babylon, the former lands of Sumer, and across into India before dying in … [273], Alexander the Great's accomplishments and legacy have been depicted in many cultures. Greek biographer Plutarch (c. 45 – c. 120 AD) describes Alexander's appearance as: The outward appearance of Alexander is best represented by the statues of him which Lysippus made, and it was by this artist alone that Alexander himself thought it fit that he should be modelled. 31.—IONIA", "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), MIMAS", "The Mughal Sikander: Influence of the Romance of Alexander on Mughal Manuscript Painting", "Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander the Great", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_the_Great&oldid=1012024791, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015, Articles containing Persian-language text, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles with BALaT identifiers, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Construction of 1,000 ships larger than triremes, along with harbours and a road running along the African coast all the way to the, Amalgamation of small settlements into larger cities (", Construction of a monumental tomb for his father Philip, "to match the greatest of the, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 14 March 2021, at 04:52. This culminated in his aspiration to homogenize the populations of Asia and Europe. [134], After three days, unable to persuade his men to back down, Alexander gave Persians command posts in the army and conferred Macedonian military titles upon Persian units. [274] One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary mermaid who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?" [70] At the ancient Phrygian capital of Gordium, Alexander "undid" the hitherto unsolvable Gordian Knot, a feat said to await the future "king of Asia". Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him. [10] Although Philip had seven or eight wives, Olympias was his principal wife for some time, likely because she gave birth to Alexander. [263] Alexander was used by these writers as an example of ruler values such as amicita (friendship) and clementia (clemency), but also iracundia (anger) and cupiditas gloriae (over-desire for glory). It was originally thought to have been the sarcophagus of Abdalonymus (died 311 BC), the king of Sidon appointed by Alexander immediately following the battle of Issus in 331. He colonized it with Greeks, and founded a city named Alexandropolis. first time i tried. Alexander replied that since he was now king of Asia, it was he alone who decided territorial divisions. [59] This was due to use of terrain, phalanx and cavalry tactics, bold strategy, and the fierce loyalty of his troops. [124], East of Porus' kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. Caligula was said to have taken Alexander's breastplate from the tomb for his own use. During his 13-year reign as the king of Macedonia, Alexander created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. [169][170] However, more recently, it has been suggested that it may date from earlier than Abdalonymus' death. The advance was successful and broke Darius' center, causing the latter to flee once again. to murder someone of political importance. Omphis (Indian name Ambhi), the ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), complied, but the chieftains of some hill clans, including the Aspasioi and Assakenoi sections of the Kambojas (known in Indian texts also as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas), refused to submit. Legend . Diodorus, Plutarch, Arrian and Justin all mentioned the theory that Alexander was poisoned. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand war elephants. Alexander expanded the advanced technology of the Greek culture by invading city-states and other cultures. The earliest of these is Diodorus Siculus (1st century BC), followed by Quintus Curtius Rufus (mid-to-late 1st century AD), Arrian (1st to 2nd century AD), the biographer Plutarch (1st to 2nd century AD), and finally Justin, whose work dated as late as the 4th century. There is not any sure way to know has Alexander the Great descendants still in nowadays or not. [276] Firdausi's Shahnameh ("The Book of Kings") includes Alexander in a line of legitimate Persian shahs, a mythical figure who explored the far reaches of the world in search of the Fountain of Youth. There have been, since the time, many suspicions that Pausanias was actually hired to murder Philip. For those peculiarities which many of his successors and friends afterwards tried to imitate, namely, the poise of the neck, which was bent slightly to the left, and the melting glance of his eyes, this artist has accurately observed. [4][5] In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid Empire (Persian Empire) and began a series of campaigns that lasted 10 years. [209][210], He appears to have believed himself a deity, or at least sought to deify himself. He spent most of his reign on a military campaign through northeast Africa and southwestern Asia. [226] The Roman era writer Athenaeus says, based on the scholar Dicaearchus, who was Alexander's contemporary, that the king "was quite excessively keen on boys", and that Alexander kissed the eunuch Bagoas in public. Alexander was proclaimed king on the spot by the nobles and army at the age of 20. He then stormed the pass of the Persian Gates (in the modern Zagros Mountains) which had been blocked by a Persian army under Ariobarzanes and then hurried to Persepolis before its garrison could loot the treasury.[87]. Having damaged the enemy's cohesion, Philip ordered his troops to press forward and quickly routed them. He also received news of a Thracian uprising. [190], The semi-legendary Alexander Romance also suggests that Alexander exhibited heterochromia iridum: that one eye was dark and the other light.[191]. [158] Other illnesses fit the symptoms, including acute pancreatitis and West Nile virus. Code of Ethics. [122] The other was Nicaea (Victory), thought to be located at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab. "[53] At Corinth, Alexander took the title of Hegemon ("leader") and, like Philip, was appointed commander for the coming war against Persia. His neck was in some way twisted, so that he appeared to be gazing upward at an angle. Alexander immediately headed south. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. He was undefeated in battle and became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves. The anguish that Alexander felt after Hephaestion's death may also have contributed to his declining health. [137] During his visit to Pasargadae Alexander ordered his architect Aristobulus to decorate the interior of the sepulchral chamber of Cyrus' tomb. Some of the first and most influential figurative portrayals of the Buddha appeared at this time, perhaps modelled on Greek statues of Apollo in the Greco-Buddhist style. The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!" His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after. According to The Philadelphia Inquirer, Doug Hamilton is the great-great-great-great-great grandson of Alexander Hamilton. A considerable accession of power was granted him after the death of Philip, son of Machatas; and he was allowed to retain his authority at the death of Alexander himself (323 BC), as well as in the subsequent partition of the provinces at Triparadisus, 321 BC. Alexander began his reign by subduing rivals in the Greek and Macedonian regions. [91][92][93] Plutarch claims that he ordered his men to put out the fires,[91] but that the flames had already spread to most of the city. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. [176], Arrian and Plutarch claimed that Alexander was speechless by this point, implying that this was an apocryphal story. Darius fled the battle, causing his army to collapse, and left behind his wife, his two daughters, his mother Sisygambis, and a fabulous treasure. Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism which his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism. [91] Plutarch recounts an anecdote in which Alexander pauses and talks to a fallen statue of Xerxes as if it were a live person: Shall I pass by and leave you lying there because of the expeditions you led against Greece, or shall I set you up again because of your magnanimity and your virtues in other respects? [19], Mieza was like a boarding school for Alexander and the children of Macedonian nobles, such as Ptolemy, Hephaistion, and Cassander. [188] Alexander personally led the charge in the center, routing the opposing army. This link between the Kalash and the Macedonian king is perhaps best seen in Rudyard Kipling’s well-known story, The Man Who Would be King , in which this supposed connection forms the basis of the tale. [156], Several natural causes (diseases) have been suggested, including malaria and typhoid fever. Alexander the Great. [113] However, Alexander's constant demands for troops and the migration of Macedonians throughout his empire depleted Macedon's strength, greatly weakening it in the years after Alexander, and ultimately led to its subjugation by Rome after the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC).[16]. At this point, his army refused to continue further into India, exhausted and discouraged by heavy rains. [7], Alexander was born in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon,[8] on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC, although the exact date is uncertain. The location of the tomb of Alexander the Great is an enduring mystery. In popular culture, the British heavy metal band Iron Maiden included a song titled "Alexander the Great" on their 1986 album Somewhere in Time. [161][162] According to Aelian, a seer called Aristander foretold that the land where Alexander was laid to rest "would be happy and unvanquishable forever". He then continued south towards the Peloponnese. Even European royals and noble houses can't trace themselves much beyond of Charlemagne and even then I would be very careful when checking such family trees. British historian Peter Green provided a description of Alexander's appearance, based on his review of statues and some ancient documents: Physically, Alexander was not prepossessing. Jeanna Sullivan, National Geographic Society, Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society [140], On either 10 or 11 June 323 BC, Alexander died in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, in Babylon, at age 32. [67][f] He showed his intent to conquer the entirety of the Persian Empire by throwing a spear into Asian soil and saying he accepted Asia as a gift from the gods. [71] According to the story, Alexander proclaimed that it did not matter how the knot was undone and hacked it apart with his sword. He had a high complexion and a harsh voice. He studied with Aristotle for three years and from Aristotle’s teachings, Alexander developed a love of science, particularly of medicine and botany. Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III of Macedon, was the king of Macedonia from 336 to 323 B.C. causing the mermaid to vanish and the sea to calm. Alexander was the first to break the Theban lines, followed by Philip's generals. His beard was scanty, and he stood out against his hirsute Macedonian barons by going clean-shaven. Many of these areas remained in Macedonian hands or under Greek influence for the next 200–300 years. Ernst Badian argued that they were exaggerated by Perdiccas in order to ensure that the Macedonian troops voted not to carry them out. [126], As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. The horse refused to be mounted, and Philip ordered it away. They went on to occupy the city of Elatea, only a few days' march from both Athens and Thebes. Alexander IV was too young to have ever had any children of his own and so the bloodline of Alexander the great ended there… Alexander the great had no other legitimate children and it is unlikely that he had any illegitimate children because he was on campaign right up until just before his death and he seemed more interested in his boyhood friend (or boyfriend) Hephaestion than his actual wives. For other uses, see. [270] His court historian Callisthenes portrayed the sea in Cilicia as drawing back from him in proskynesis. The Macedonians quickly begged forgiveness, which Alexander accepted, and held a great banquet for several thousand of his men at which he and they ate together. Most infamously, Alexander personally killed the man who had saved his life at Granicus, Cleitus the Black, during a violent drunken altercation at Maracanda (modern day Samarkand in Uzbekistan), in which Cleitus accused Alexander of several judgmental mistakes and most especially, of having forgotten the Macedonian ways in favour of a corrupt oriental lifestyle. Taking advantage of this power vacuum, Chandragupta Maurya (referred to in Greek sources as "Sandrokottos"), of relatively humble origin, took control of the Punjab, and with that power base proceeded to conquer the Nanda Empire. After the death of Spitamenes and his marriage to Roxana (Raoxshna in Old Iranian) to cement relations with his new satrapies, Alexander turned to the Indian subcontinent. [142] He developed a fever, which worsened until he was unable to speak. Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. With Alexander the Great, Macedonia would come to conquer many lands and usher in the Hellenistic age in the region. [247] Aspects of Hellenistic culture were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century.[252]. In 336 he sent Parmenion, with Amyntas, Andromenes and Attalus, and an army of 10,000 men into Anatolia to make preparations for an invasion. The end of Thebes cowed Athens, leaving all of Greece temporarily at peace. In the area of architecture, a few examples of the Ionic order can be found as far as Pakistan with the Jandial temple near Taxila. [148] Olympias always insisted to him that he was the son of Zeus,[211] a theory apparently confirmed to him by the oracle of Amun at Siwa. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. In short, yes. Cassander was a King of Macedon who lived during the 4 th century BC. When Alexander was a teenager, his father hired Aristotle to be his private tutor. [16], This article is about the ancient king of Macedonia. November 27, 2018. [15] Alexander was raised in the manner of noble Macedonian youths, learning to read, play the lyre, ride, fight, and hunt. [125] This river thus marks the easternmost extent of Alexander's conquests. [108] It remains unclear if Callisthenes was actually involved in the plot, for prior to his accusation he had fallen out of favour by leading the opposition to the attempt to introduce proskynesis. At the age of 13 Alexander learned the fundamentals of rhetoric, philosophy and literature (Bowra, C. M, 1957). Whereas he was of a fair colour, as they say, and his fairness passed into ruddiness on his breast particularly, and in his face. [233], According to Diodorus Siculus, Alexander accumulated a harem in the style of Persian kings, but he used it rather sparingly, "not wishing to offend the Macedonians",[234] showing great self-control in "pleasures of the body". Many of these students would become his friends and future generals, and are often known as the 'Companions'. highest rank of leadership in armies and air forces. 336-323 BC. Alexander was born in 356 B.C.E. According to Curtius, "Not only did Alexander slaughter the entire population of Massaga, but also did he reduce its buildings to rubble. In return for teaching Alexander, Philip agreed to rebuild Aristotle's hometown of Stageira, which Philip had razed, and to repopulate it by buying and freeing the ex-citizens who were slaves, or pardoning those who were in exile. His empire ushered in significant cultural changes in the lands he conquered and changed the course of the region’s history. Under Aristotle's tutelage, Alexander developed a passion for the works of Homer, and in particular the Iliad; Aristotle gave him an annotated copy, which Alexander later carried on his campaigns. However, the memorial was found to be dedicated to the dearest friend of Alexander the Great, Hephaestion. His troops misunderstood his intention and mutinied at the town of Opis. [150] However, in a 2003 BBC documentary investigating the death of Alexander, Leo Schep from the New Zealand National Poisons Centre proposed that the plant white hellebore (Veratrum album), which was known in antiquity, may have been used to poison Alexander. Some of the most pronounced effects of Hellenization can be seen in Afghanistan and India, in the region of the relatively late-rising Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (250–125 BC) (in modern Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan) and the Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC – 10 AD) in modern Afghanistan and India. The common soldiers, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as he silently waved at them. [49] Alexander spared Arrhidaeus, who was by all accounts mentally disabled, possibly as a result of poisoning by Olympias. [58], While Alexander campaigned north, the Thebans and Athenians rebelled once again. The Theban resistance was ineffective, and Alexander razed the city and divided its territory between the other Boeotian cities. [171][172][173] In addition, Leosthenes, also, likened the anarchy between the generals, after Alexander's death, to the blinded Cyclops "who after he had lost his eye went feeling and groping about with his hands before him, not knowing where to lay them". The Alexander Romance, in particular, has had a significant impact on portrayals of Alexander in later cultures, from Persian to medieval European to modern Greek. through the reign of several kings. [16] Of these, Arrian is generally considered the most reliable, given that he used Ptolemy and Aristobulus as his sources, closely followed by Diodorus. Fearing the prospect of facing other large armies and exhausted by years of campaigning, Alexander's army mutinied at the Hyphasis River (Beas), refusing to march farther east. [175] According to Diodorus, Alexander's companions asked him on his deathbed to whom he bequeathed his kingdom; his laconic reply was "tôi kratistôi"—"to the strongest". Perhaps taking his summons to Babylon as a death sentence,[148] and having seen the fate of Parmenion and Philotas,[149] Antipater purportedly arranged for Alexander to be poisoned by his son Iollas, who was Alexander's wine-pourer. [106][240] The first, and greatest, was Alexandria in Egypt, which would become one of the leading Mediterranean cities. )", East-West Orientation of Historical Empires, "Pausanias, Description of Greece, *korinqiaka/, chapter 1, section 5", "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK V. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED., CHAP. Unsuccessful plan to cut a canal through the isthmus, Naming of the Icarus island in the Persian Gulf, Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009), A History of Macedonia: Volume III: 336–167 B.C. [204], Alexander was erudite and patronized both arts and sciences. [157], Alexander's body was laid in a gold anthropoid sarcophagus that was filled with honey, which was in turn placed in a gold casket. [55] The Macedonians marched into the country of the Triballi, and defeated their army near the Lyginus river[56] (a tributary of the Danube). His son and successor, Caracalla, a great admirer, visited the tomb during his own reign. [238] That this export took place is undoubted, and can be seen in the great Hellenistic cities of, for instance, Alexandria, Antioch[247] and Seleucia (south of modern Baghdad). When the animal died (because of old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him, Bucephala. [175][201] His unique abilities were further demonstrated by the inability of any of his generals to unite Macedonia and retain the Empire after his death—only Alexander had the ability to do so. Though advised to use diplomacy, Alexander mustered 3,000 Macedonian cavalry and rode south towards Thessaly. [84] Darius once more fled the field, and Alexander chased him as far as Arbela. [182] Other scholars have proposed that they were invented by later authors within the tradition of the Alexander Romance. [196], Some of Alexander's strongest personality traits formed in response to his parents. Tarsos mint. [65][66], Taking over the invasion project of Philip II, Alexander's army crossed the Hellespont in 334 BC with approximately 48,100 soldiers, 6,100 cavalry and a fleet of 120 ships with crews numbering 38,000,[59] drawn from Macedon and various Greek city-states, mercenaries, and feudally raised soldiers from Thrace, Paionia, and Illyria. [88] Alexander stayed in Persepolis for five months. After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, he succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army.
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